How AI Personalized Meme Editors Became CPC Drivers in 2026
AI meme editors are powering CPC success across global campaigns
AI meme editors are powering CPC success across global campaigns
The digital marketing landscape of 2026 is a world few could have predicted just five years prior. The once-clear lines between organic content, paid advertising, and user-generated virality have not just blurred; they have been fundamentally rewired. At the heart of this seismic shift lies an unlikely hero—or villain, depending on who you ask—the AI Personalized Meme Editor. These are not the simple meme generators of the early 2020s. They are sophisticated, cloud-based platforms powered by generative AI, computer vision, and deep psychographic profiling, capable of crafting hyper-personalized, context-aware visual content in real-time. What began as a novelty for social media managers has exploded into the single most powerful engine for driving Cost-Per-Click (CPC) performance across the entire paid media ecosystem. This is the story of how internet culture's most chaotic art form became the linchpin of performance marketing, transforming how brands connect, convert, and comprehend their audiences.
The journey from generic banner ad to a dynamically generated meme, perfectly tailored to a user's sense of humor, recent search history, and even their emotional state, represents the culmination of two converging trends: the demand for authentic, non-intrusive advertising and the AI's ability to operationalize creativity at scale. This isn't just about slapping a brand logo on a popular template. It's about the algorithm understanding the nuanced difference between a "Distracted Boyfriend" meme that falls flat and one that elicits a genuine chuckle and a click. In 2026, the meme is the message, the medium, and the market's most valuable currency.
To understand the revolution, we must first look at the foundation. The pre-2024 digital advertising world was already deep into its love affair with video, with platforms like TikTok and Instagram Reels dominating user attention. Marketers were chasing virality, but the process was largely manual, guesswork-heavy, and reliant on broad-stroke corporate video storytelling. A brand would pour resources into a single, high-production-value video, hoping it would resonate. Meanwhile, the meme economy operated on a parallel, often antagonistic, track. Memes were organic, user-driven, and notoriously difficult for brands to co-opt without appearing cringe-worthy or out-of-touch.
The first crack in this wall appeared with the advent of basic AI image tools. Suddenly, creating a custom image with a specific aesthetic became accessible. Early adopters started experimenting, but the output was often generic. The targeting was also primitive—relying on basic demographic and interest-based data from Facebook and Google. An ad for a budgeting app might be shown to users interested in "personal finance," but the creative—a static image of a smiling couple—was identical for a 22-year-old recent graduate and a 55-year-old planning for retirement. The disconnect between the precision of audience targeting and the blandness of the creative was the industry's great inefficiency.
While brands were perfecting their 30-second spots, a new visual shorthand was taking over global communication. Meme formats—from the classic "Two Buttons" to the ever-relatable "Woman Yelling at a Cat"—became a universal language for conveying complex emotions and social commentary with brutal efficiency and humor. This was a goldmine of cultural relevance that traditional corporate video content couldn't easily tap into. The audience was training itself to consume and engage with this specific style of communication, creating a massive opportunity for any brand that could speak the language fluently.
"The meme is the most efficient packet of cultural data ever devised. It carries emotion, context, and community affiliation in a single, easily digestible image. Ignoring it was like a TV advertiser in the 1960s ignoring the fact that everyone was watching the same three channels." - Dr. Anya Sharma, Digital Anthropologist, MIT Media Lab.
The stage was set for a collision. On one side, you had marketers desperate for higher engagement and lower ad avoidance. On the other, you had an audience fluent in a visual language that brands couldn't speak. The missing link was a technology that could not only create memes but could also understand the intricate, ever-changing rules of what made them funny and relevant to a specific individual. This would require moving beyond simple micro-targeting into the realm of psycho-graphic and contextual personalization.
The year 2024 marked the true inflection point. This wasn't about a single invention, but the maturation and integration of several key technologies that empowered the first generation of true AI Personalized Meme Editors.
Imagine a user who recently searched for "best noise-canceling headphones" and frequently engages with tech review memes and posts about open-office frustrations. An AI Meme Editor for a headphone brand wouldn't just show a product shot. It would dynamically generate a meme using the "This is Fine" dog sitting in a burning room, surrounded by chaotic office noise, with the caption, "My coworkers planning another 'collaborative' brainstorming session... / Me with my [Brand Name] headphones on." The creative is generated in milliseconds, perfectly aligning the product's value proposition with the user's immediate context and proven sense of humor.
The Humor Graph is what separates this from simple contextual advertising. It's a deep, probabilistic model that assigns weights to different comedic traits. For instance, a user's profile might be:
The AI Meme Editor uses this graph to not just select a template, but to write the caption, choose the character, and even adjust the color palette to maximize comedic resonance. This level of personalization, once the domain of corporate videos aimed at long-term brand loyalty, was now being applied to the most ephemeral and tactical end of the marketing funnel. The result was an ad that didn't feel like an ad at all; it felt like a piece of content specifically made for that one user by a clever friend. This was the key that unlocked unprecedented engagement rates.
By late 2025, the data was undeniable. Campaigns leveraging AI Personalized Meme Editors were consistently achieving CPCs 50-80% lower than traditional video or image ads. The reason was a fundamental improvement in the two metrics that directly dictate CPC on auction-based platforms like Google Ads and Meta: Click-Through Rate (CTR) and Quality Score/Ad Relevance.
Traditional ads interrupt the user's content consumption flow. A personalized meme, by contrast, *becomes* part of the content flow. When a user is scrolling through their feed, which are they more likely to stop and look at: a polished, generic video ad for a project management tool, or a perfectly crafted meme about the pain of a Monday morning meeting that looks like it was ripped from their favorite meme page, yet subtly features that same tool? The latter generates a moment of surprise, delight, and identification. This emotional spike translates directly into a higher CTR. As one marketing director for a major SaaS company noted, "We saw our CTR on LinkedIn ads triple overnight. We weren't just shouting our message louder; we were finally saying something people wanted to hear."
Ad platforms reward ads that users engage with positively. A high CTR and subsequent on-site engagement (lower bounce rates, longer session duration) signal to the algorithm that the ad is highly relevant and valuable. This results in a higher Quality Score (Google) or Ad Relevance Score (Meta). A higher score means you pay less for your ad placement. AI-generated memes, by their very nature, are hyper-relevant. The platform's algorithm sees a user who loves video games being served a meme about laggy internet with a gaming VPN logo, sees the user click, and logs a positive interaction. It learns that this ad *works* for this audience, and thus serves it more often and at a lower cost. This creates a powerful virtuous cycle: better creative -> higher engagement -> lower CPC -> more data -> even better creative. This is a far cry from the static, one-size-fits-all approach of the past, which often struggled to move the needle on these core performance metrics.
"We've moved from A/B testing two or three ad variants to generative A/B testing, where the AI creates and tests thousands of micro-variations simultaneously. The winning creative isn't just a slightly better headline; it's a completely unique meme for a sub-audience of 500 people. This granularity has demolished our customer acquisition costs." - Mark Chen, Head of Growth, FinTech Startup.
The impact was felt across all verticals. B2B companies, once the bastion of formal corporate CEO interviews, found that personalized memes about workplace struggles performed better than any whitepaper lead magnet. E-commerce brands saw massive returns by turning product features into relatable jokes. The meme had become the ultimate conversion tool at the bottom of the marketing funnel.
The explosive rise of AI Meme Editors did not go unnoticed by the major ad platforms. Initially, their systems were not built to handle the volume of hyper-unique, dynamically generated creatives. An ad platform used to seeing a few hundred variations of a campaign creative was suddenly being flooded with millions of entirely distinct images and short videos. This forced a rapid and fundamental adaptation in their policies, auction mechanics, and creative review processes.
In the old model, a brand would upload a set of pre-approved images and videos for a campaign. The platform's automated review system would scan these assets for policy violations. With generative AI creating a new asset for every few hundred impressions, this process became obsolete. Platforms like Meta and Google had to develop new "template-based" approval systems. Instead of approving individual images, they would now approve a *generative recipe*.
A brand would submit its core brand assets (logo, color palette), a set of content guidelines (no profanity, specific brand voice parameters), and a library of pre-approved meme templates or stylistic directions. The AI platform would then be certified to generate endless variations within those guardrails, bypassing the need for individual ad approval. This was a monumental shift, moving the responsibility for brand safety and compliance from the platform to the AI tool and the marketer using it.
TikTok was the first to lean in fully, introducing its "Dynamic Meme Ad" unit in early 2025. This was a dedicated ad format with a native-looking frame, specifically designed for AI-generated, text-over-image content. It came with a specialized auction that prioritized engagement velocity over pure bid price. LinkedIn and Twitter (X) quickly followed suit, realizing that this was the key to unlocking the elusive "authentic engagement" their users craved.
Google, traditionally a text-heavy platform, integrated meme-generation capabilities directly into its Performance Max campaigns. A marketer could provide a product feed and a brand brief, and Google's AI would not only write the ad copy but also generate a suite of personalized meme-style images to serve across YouTube, Discover, and the Gmail network. This level of automation was a direct response to the effectiveness of the format. As one industry analyst put it, "When Google starts making memes, you know the revolution is complete."
This platform evolution also had a profound impact on the videography and content creation industry. The demand for high-cost, single-shot video productions began to wane for performance campaigns, replaced by a need for strategists who could craft effective generative recipes and humor graphs. The skill set for a successful media buyer in 2026 is less about bid adjustments and more about cultural calibration.
The adoption of AI Personalized Meme Editors has fundamentally restructured the internal workflows of marketing and creative agencies. The traditional pipeline of brief -> storyboard -> shoot -> edit -> approve -> launch is too slow and rigid for this new paradigm. It has been replaced by a more agile, data-driven, and iterative process.
The most coveted new role in marketing is the Meme Strategist. This individual is part data scientist, part cultural anthropologist, and part comedian. Their job is to develop a brand's "Humor Blueprint"—a comprehensive document that maps the brand's values and target audience segments to appropriate meme formats, tonal guidelines, and comedic boundaries. They work closely with the media buying team to analyze performance data and continuously refine the psychographic models.
Working under the Meme Strategist is the AI Prompt Engineer. This is not a technical IT role but a highly creative one. Using the Humor Blueprint, they craft and refine the textual prompts that instruct the AI editor. A prompt is no longer "create a meme about saving money." It's a complex instruction like: "Generate an image in the style of the 'Woman Yelling at a Cat' meme. The woman on the left, representing 'Unexpected Expenses,' should look frantic and be surrounded by icons for car repairs, medical bills, and a broken phone. The cat on the right, sitting calmly at a dinner table, represents a user of our budgeting app. The cat should have a smug, confident expression. The text should be witty and self-deprecating, aligning with a user who scores high on 'ironic humor' in their profile. Incorporate our app's logo subtly on the cat's collar."
The campaign launch is no longer an end point, but a starting point for a continuous optimization loop. The AI system generates thousands of creatives. The performance data for each micro-variant—down to the specific color of text or a slight tweak in the caption—is fed back into the model. The Prompt Engineer and Meme Strategist analyze this data to understand which comedic elements are resonating. They then update the prompts and the Humor Blueprint in near real-time, creating a self-improving system. This agile approach mirrors the principles of split-testing video ads, but at a scale and speed that was previously unimaginable.
This workflow has democratized high-level creative personalization. A small e-commerce store can now compete with a multinational corporation on creative relevance, provided it has a clear brand voice and a clever strategist. The barrier is no longer production budget, but cultural IQ and strategic agility.
With great personalization power comes great ethical responsibility—and significant user unease. The very technology that allows an AI to craft the perfect joke also raises profound questions about privacy, manipulation, and the nature of creativity itself.
The effectiveness of personalized memes relies on the AI having access to a deep well of personal data. When a meme references a user's specific, niche hobby or a private frustration they only voiced in a closed messaging group, the result can be less "delightful" and more "deeply unsettling." This is the personalization paradox: the more accurate and effective the ad is, the more it can trigger a creepiness factor, potentially eroding the very trust it seeks to build. A study from the Stanford Digital Ethics Center in 2025 found that while engagement with hyper-personalized ads was high, post-engagement sentiment was often negative, with users reporting feelings of being "watched" and "manipulated."
The core of the issue lies in data sourcing. Are these AI platforms using only first-party data that the user has explicitly provided to the brand? Or are they leveraging data brokers, social listening tools, and cross-site tracking to build their psychographic profiles? The regulatory environment, with laws like GDPR and CCPA, is struggling to keep pace. The concept of "informed consent" becomes murky when a user cannot possibly anticipate that their "like" on a cat video two years ago would be used to determine their susceptibility to a specific type of humorous ad for a financial service today.
"We are building psychological profiles of unprecedented depth, all in the service of selling products. The line between understanding a customer and exploiting their psychological vulnerabilities is becoming dangerously thin. A meme isn't just an ad; it's a Trojan horse for behavioral influence." - Prof. Ben Carter, Chair of Digital Ethics, Stanford University.
Beyond privacy, there is a cultural cost. Memes have historically been a bottom-up, organic expression of community. The mass corporate co-opting of this language, powered by AI, risks sterilizing it and turning a vibrant cultural practice into just another marketing channel. Furthermore, AI models trained on vast datasets can and do internalize and perpetuate biases. A poorly calibrated system could generate memes that rely on offensive stereotypes or are tone-deaf to specific cultural contexts, leading to brand safety disasters far more damaging than a simple low-performing ad.
Navigating this ethical minefield is the biggest challenge for adopters of this technology. Transparency about data use, robust ethical guidelines for the "Humor Graph," and a commitment to adding value rather than just extracting clicks will be what separates the respected brands from the creepy ones in this new era. The conversation is no longer just about corporate video ROI, but about the societal role of marketing itself.
By 2026, the proof of AI Personalized Meme Editors was no longer in the hypothetical data models but in the tangible, market-shifting results of early-adopting brands. These case studies illustrate the transformative power of this technology across diverse industries, from B2B SaaS to direct-to-consumer e-commerce, proving that the meme-driven CPC model is not a niche tactic but a universal marketing principle.
FinFlow, a mid-market budgeting and forecasting software, struggled for years to break through the noise on LinkedIn. Their traditional ad arsenal consisted of case study videos and whitepaper offers, which generated leads at a Cost-Per-Lead (CPL) of over $450. In Q1 2026, they deployed an AI Meme Editor, building a Humor Graph focused on the shared pains of financial analysts and CFOs.
The system was fed data from industry forums, relevant subreddits, and the performance history of their own content. It began generating memes that spoke directly to the existential dread of quarterly closes, the absurdity of last-minute budget revisions, and the universal frustration with legacy spreadsheet software. One top-performing ad used the "Panik Kalm Panik" meme format: Panik: CFO asks for a last-minute forecast change. Kalm: You have the data in FinFlow. Panik: The change is because the CFO saw a TikTok trend. This ad, dynamically served to users who engaged with content about "financial reporting" and "workplace stress," achieved a CTR 4x higher than their benchmark and drove their CPL down to $112. The campaign's success wasn't just in the numbers; it positioned FinFlow as a brand that "gets it," building immense goodwill and brand affinity in a traditionally staid sector.
GlowSkincare, a DTC beauty brand, faced intense competition and rising customer acquisition costs on Meta and TikTok. Their influencer video ads were effective but expensive to produce at scale. They integrated an AI Meme Editor with their product catalog and customer review database. The AI began scanning reviews for common phrases and complaints, turning them into relatable memes.
For users who had browsed their anti-aging serum, the AI might generate a "They Don't Know" meme: *Picture of someone looking sad* They don't know I skipped sunscreen one time in 1998. The caption would read, "That one mistake haunts your skin. Our [Product Name] helps turn back the clock. #SkincareRegrets." By linking a universal feeling of regret to a specific product solution in a humorous way, GlowSkincare saw a 60% reduction in add-to-cart CPC and a 35% increase in conversion rate from ad click to purchase. The memes performed so well that they were widely shared organically, effectively turning their paid ad budget into a source of earned media.
"We stopped trying to sell a serum and started selling a feeling—the shared joke of being vain and forgetful. The AI found the intersection of our product's utility and our customer's sense of humor. It was like discovering a marketing superpower we never knew we had." - Maria Rodriguez, CMO, GlowSkincare.
This revolution wasn't just for global brands. "PipeMasters," a plumbing service in Austin, Texas, used a geo-targeted AI Meme Editor strategy to dominate local search. They fed the AI with data on common plumbing issues in Austin neighborhoods, local news about infrastructure, and even weather data. During a sudden cold snap, the AI automatically generated and served memes about frozen pipes using the "This is Fine" dog, with a clear call-to-action for emergency services. The ads were targeted to users in ZIP codes where the temperature had dropped below freezing in the last 6 hours. This hyper-local, hyper-contextual approach resulted in a 900% increase in service call inquiries from their ads, demonstrating that the meme-driven model could be scaled down to the most granular, local level, a powerful tool for any business competing on "near me" searches.
To the end user, the output of an AI Personalized Meme Editor is a simple, funny image. But beneath the surface lies a complex, orchestrated symphony of interconnected systems and models working in real-time. Understanding this technical backend is crucial for appreciating the scale and sophistication of this marketing revolution.
The process from user impression to served ad happens in milliseconds. It can be broken down into a continuous, five-stage loop:
The "brain" of the editor is not one single AI, but a stack of specialized models:
The infrastructure required to run this at scale is immense, relying on cloud-based GPU clusters to handle the generative load. This is why the technology is primarily offered as a Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) platform rather than an on-premise solution. The leading platforms are in an arms race to develop the most accurate psychographic models and the fastest generation times, as even a 100-millisecond delay can cause an ad to lose the auction. This technical backend is the unglamorous engine room powering the creative revolution, a perfect fusion of art and science, of comedy and computation.
The dominance of AI Personalized Meme Editors in 2026 is not the end-state of digital advertising, but merely a pivotal waypoint. The underlying technologies are evolving at a breakneck pace, pointing toward a future where personalization becomes even more immersive, interactive, and integrated into the fabric of our digital lives. The meme is the training ground for the next wave of marketing interfaces.
The logical evolution is from a static image to an interactive, conversational agent. We are already seeing the emergence of the "Meme-bot"—a generative AI that doesn't just display a meme but engages the user in a humorous, meme-based dialogue. A user might comment on an ad with a related joke, and the Meme-bot would instantly generate a follow-up meme in response, creating a mini, branded comedy thread. This transforms the ad from a monologue into a dialogue, fostering a deeper sense of community and engagement. Early tests by pioneering brands show that these interactive ad experiences can increase dwell time by over 500%, creating a branded experience that users actively choose to participate in rather than scroll past.
While image-based memes are powerful, video is the native language of the dominant social platforms. The next frontier is the AI-generated, personalized video meme. Imagine a short, 6-second video clip featuring a digitally synthesized influencer avatar. The avatar's appearance, accent, and comedic style could be dynamically adjusted to match the user's preferences. It could deliver a personalized skit about a product's benefit, using inside jokes and cultural references pulled from the user's profile. This represents the ultimate synthesis of AI-powered corporate video and the meme format, creating a seemingly authentic, one-to-one video message at a scale of millions.
"The static meme is the Model T. The personalized video meme-bot is the self-driving car. We are moving from personalizing the content to personalizing the entire communicative context, including the messenger. The line between a brand ad and a FaceTime call from a funny friend will completely dissolve." - Lena Volkov, Futurist & Partner at TechStars.
As digital and physical worlds continue to converge through AR glasses and metaverse platforms, the meme will break out of the screen. AI editors will generate context-aware memes that are overlaid onto the user's physical environment through AR. Walking past a coffee shop? Your glasses might display a personalized meme about your need for caffeine, with a coupon code generated on the spot. In a virtual board meeting in the metaverse, a colleague's avatar might use a branded meme as a reaction GIF, seamlessly integrating product messaging into social interaction. In this environment, advertising becomes ambient, contextual, and deeply embedded in the user's reality, with the personalized meme serving as the primary linguistic tool for brand communication.
Just as brands are mastering centralized AI meme creation, a counter-movement is emerging from the decentralized web. Blockchain-based social platforms are experimenting with allowing users to own their data and their "Humor Graph." In this future, a user could grant or revoke permission for brands to use their psychographic profile, potentially even being paid a micro-royalty for its use in generating a successful ad. This would flip the current model on its head, putting users in control and forcing brands to compete on transparency and value-sharing rather than just data extraction. While still nascent, this trend has the potential to disrupt the very data foundations that today's AI Meme Editors are built upon.
For marketing leaders looking to harness the power of AI Personalized Meme Editors, a methodical approach is required. Success is not about simply buying a software license; it's about a fundamental shift in strategy, team structure, and creative philosophy. This playbook outlines the five critical steps for successful implementation in 2026 and beyond.
Before writing a single prompt, a brand must conduct a rigorous "Humor Audit." This involves:
This step ensures that your foray into meme marketing is authentic and aligned with your core identity, much like how a corporate culture video must reflect the genuine employee experience.
Choosing the right AI Meme Editor platform is critical. Key evaluation criteria include:
You cannot run this strategy with a traditional marketing team. You need to assemble a cross-functional "Meme War Room" with three key roles:
Start small. Choose a single product line or target audience segment for a pilot campaign. Set clear KPIs beyond just CPC, such as sentiment analysis of comments and share volume. Use the initial data to aggressively refine your Humor Graph and prompts. The goal of the pilot is not immediate, massive scale, but to learn and perfect the system. Once you have a proven, optimized model, then and only then should you scale the budget across other segments and campaigns. This iterative approach mirrors the best practices of planning a viral video script, where testing and refinement are key.
Formalize your ethical guidelines. Create a clear policy on data usage, and be transparent with your audience about how you're personalizing their experience. Appoint someone on the team to be the "Ethics Guardian," responsible for reviewing edge-case outputs and ensuring the system does not drift into creepy or manipulative territory. Furthermore, the world of internet humor changes daily. The Meme War Room must be in a perpetual state of learning, constantly updating the Humor Graph with new trends, formats, and cultural shifts to avoid becoming stale and irrelevant.
The rise of AI Personalized Meme Editors as primary CPC drivers is more than a marketing trend; it is a fundamental recalibration of the relationship between brands and consumers. It signals the end of the broadcast era and the full flowering of the interactive, personalized, and community-driven marketing age. The campaign that shouts the loudest is no longer the winner; the winner is the campaign that listens most intently and responds with the most relevant, humanizing wit.
This technology has democratized creativity, allowing businesses of all sizes to compete on the playing field of cultural relevance. It has forced a redefinition of "quality" in advertising creative, from high-production value to high-contextual value. The most powerful ad in 2026 is not the one with the most cinematic drone shot, but the one that makes a single user feel uniquely seen and understood, even if just for a laugh. This represents a monumental shift, aligning marketing incentives perfectly with user desire—the desire for content that is entertaining, relevant, and adds value to their digital experience rather than detracting from it.
However, this power comes with a profound responsibility. The same tools that can forge deep, authentic connections can also be used to manipulate and intrude. The future of this marketing paradigm will not be determined by the sophistication of the algorithms, but by the wisdom, ethics, and transparency of the humans who wield them. Brands that succeed in the long term will be those that use this technology to build trust and community, not just to extract clicks.
"The meme is the pixel, the AI is the brush, and the Humor Graph is the palette. But the artist is still the brand strategist with a clear vision and a moral compass. We are not just coding for engagement; we are coding for a new kind of customer relationship." - Kai Watanabe, Head of Digital Innovation, Global Media Agency.
The journey from the first macro-meme to the AI-generated, hyper-personalized joke of 2026 has been rapid and disruptive. It has reshaped platforms, created new professions, and rewritten the rules of performance marketing. As we look ahead to the integration of video, AR, and decentralized data models, one thing is clear: the language of the internet is humor, and the brands that become fluent will be the ones that thrive.
The transition to a meme-driven marketing strategy can seem daunting, but the cost of inaction is being left behind with rising CPCs and fading relevance. Your journey doesn't start with a six-figure software contract; it starts with a shift in mindset.
Begin your Humor Audit today. Gather your marketing team and critically analyze your last three months of social content. Which posts got the most genuine engagement (not just likes, but comments and shares)? What was the tone? Now, look at your audience's own spaces—the subreddits they frequent, the Twitter threads they contribute to, the TikTok trends they emulate. Identify three core comedic themes that are relevant to your product and your community. This initial, manual analysis is the foundational layer of your future Humor Graph.
Next, experiment with a manual "meme-sampling" campaign. Before investing in a full AI platform, use a human designer to create 5-10 meme-based ad creatives based on your Humor Audit findings. Run these as a small-scale A/B test against your best-performing traditional ad. The results will give you a tangible, low-risk proof-of-concept and the data you need to build a business case for a broader AI implementation.
The future of marketing is not about interrupting the conversation with a louder ad. It's about joining the conversation with a better joke. The tools are here. The audience is waiting. The question is, are you ready to listen, learn, and finally make them laugh?
For those looking to understand the broader context of how video and AI are merging, the WIRED article on the state of AI video generation provides excellent background on the technological underpinnings of this shift.