Case Study: The AI Comedy Mashup That Went Viral Worldwide

It began as a quiet Tuesday evening in a small apartment in Berlin and ended as a global phenomenon that would rack up over 200 million views, spawn thousands of user-generated remixes, and land its creator on the front page of Wired magazine. The video was titled "History's Roast: AI Reimagines World Leaders as Stand-Up Comedians," and within 72 hours of its upload, it had become a case study in the explosive, unpredictable power of AI-generated content. This wasn't just a lucky break; it was a perfect storm of technological innovation, cultural timing, and strategic execution.

The creator, a relatively unknown digital artist named Leo Schmidt, had no massive marketing budget or influencer network. His weapon was a sophisticated understanding of emerging AI tools and a unique creative premise. He used a combination of AI voice cloning, video synthesis, and automated editing to produce a 90-second clip featuring hyper-realistic simulations of Winston Churchill, Cleopatra, and Julius Caesar delivering a modern-style comedy roast against a backdrop of a dimly lit comedy club. The result was surreal, hilarious, and instantly shareable. This deep-dive analysis will dissect the "History's Roast" phenomenon, uncovering the precise technical workflow, the psychological triggers it pulled, and the algorithmic perfect storm that propelled it from an obscure post to a worldwide trending topic. The lessons learned provide a blueprint for anyone looking to harness AI for viral video creation in 2025 and beyond.

The Genesis: From Obscure Idea to Viral Blueprint

Every viral piece of content has a moment of inception, a spark that ignites the creative process. For Leo Schmidt, that spark was a combination of personal interest and technological curiosity. An avid history buff and part-time comedy writer, Leo had long been fascinated by the anachronism—the act of placing historical figures in modern contexts. The initial idea was simple: "What if historical leaders had to survive a modern job interview?" However, it was the discovery of a new, open-source text-to-speech model that specialized in emotive tonal shifts that crystallized the concept into something far more potent.

Identifying the "Concept-Technology" Fit

Leo's first stroke of genius was recognizing a perfect fit between a compelling content concept and a newly accessible AI capability. He understood that a simple deepfake or a text-based joke wouldn't be enough. The magic would be in the performance. The new TTS model could generate laughter, sarcastic pauses, and arrogant inflections—the very tools of a stand-up comedian. This moved the idea from a static meme to a dynamic, character-driven narrative.

"The AI wasn't just generating a voice; it was generating a performance. That was the key differentiator. It felt alive," Leo later explained in an interview.

This principle of "Concept-Technology Fit" is crucial for planning any viral video script. The idea must be something that is not only interesting but is also uniquely enabled and amplified by the specific technology being used. It's the difference between using AI to create a generic explainer video and using it to create a personalized, viral CEO interview that feels genuinely conversational.

Market Gap: The Hunger for Novel Humor

In early 2025, the internet humor landscape was saturated with recurring meme formats and predictable skits. Audiences were exhibiting a clear fatigue with low-effort content. Leo's premise tapped into a latent demand for sophisticated, high-concept comedy that rewarded viewers for their knowledge. It was a niche that was underserved: intellectual enough for history enthusiasts but executed in a low-brow, accessible comedic style. This is similar to the gap identified by creators who use humor in ads for instant virality, but applied to a purely entertainment-focused format. By merging two disparate worlds—ancient history and modern stand-up—he created a cognitive dissonance that was inherently fascinating and shareable.

Deconstructing the AI Toolstack: The Engine Behind the Magic

The seamless final video belied a complex, multi-stage production process that leveraged a suite of specialized AI tools. Leo operated less like a traditional video editor and more like a creative director overseeing a team of AI specialists. His toolstack was a carefully curated collection of the most advanced platforms available in early 2025, each chosen for a specific, critical task.

The Three Pillars of Production

The creation of "History's Roast" rested on three technological pillars:

  1. Script and Audio Generation: This was the foundation. Leo began by using a fine-tuned large language model (LLM) to write the comedy material. He prompted the AI with specific directives: "Write a roast joke in the style of Julius Caesar, targeting Cleopatra, using sarcasm and historical references like the Roman Senate." He then fed the resulting scripts into the specialized TTS model, ElevenLabs, using its "contextual speech" feature to generate the audio performances. He would iterate dozens of times on each line, adjusting prompts to get the perfect timing and intonation, a process that highlights why sound editing is just as important as visual editing.
  2. Video Synthesis and Lip-Syncing: With the audio tracks perfected, Leo moved to the most visually demanding stage: creating the talking-head videos. He did not use existing deepfake software on live actors. Instead, he used a groundbreaking tool called HeyGen 2.0, which allowed him to generate photorealistic avatars from scratch based on text descriptions and reference images. For Churchill, he input descriptions like "jowly, stern-faced older man with a cigar, in a suit, under stage lighting." The AI would generate a neutral-faced model. He then used the platform's advanced lip-syncing technology, which automatically animated the avatar's mouth, facial expressions, and even subtle head movements to match the AI-generated audio track with uncanny accuracy. This technology is rapidly becoming essential for the future of corporate video ads with AI editing.
  3. Automated Editing and Post-Production: The final pillar involved assembling the raw AI-generated clips into a cohesive, professionally paced video. Leo exported the individual avatar clips and imported them into an AI-powered cloud editor. He used a template designed for rapid-fire comedy specials, which automatically cut between the "comedians," added audience laughter and applause sound effects at appropriate moments, and inserted dynamic captions that highlighted punchlines. This step, which leveraged tools that can cut post-production time by 70%, was what gave the video its broadcast-quality feel. The editor handled the tedious work of music and sound effect sync, allowing Leo to focus on the creative flow.

The "Human-in-the-Loop" Workflow

It's critical to note that Leo was not a passive participant. His workflow was "human-in-the-loop." The AI tools generated options, but he was the curator. He spent hours selecting the best avatar render, the most convincing audio take, and the most impactful edit. This synergy between human creative direction and AI execution is the model that powers successful videos edited entirely with AI tools. It combines the scalability of automation with the taste and judgment of a human creator.

The Psychological Triggers: Why the Video Was Irresistibly Shareable

Advanced technology alone does not guarantee virality. The content must resonate on a deep, psychological level. "History's Roast" was engineered to tap into several core psychological principles that trigger an almost compulsive need to share. Understanding these triggers is essential for replicating its success.

Novelty and Surprise

The human brain is wired to pay attention to things that violate expectations. The concept of seeing staid, historical figures like Winston Churchill telling self-deprecating jokes about the Blitz is a profound violation of expectation. This novelty factor creates a surge of dopamine, making the viewing experience intensely pleasurable. The audience is surprised, delighted, and eager to share that feeling with others. This is the same trigger that makes birthday surprise videos trend online every year—the joy of witnessing an unexpected, positive emotional reaction.

Highbrow Meets Lowbrow (Intellectual Amusement)

The video brilliantly bridged the gap between high and low culture. To fully appreciate the joke about Cleopatra mocking Caesar's conquests, a viewer needed a modicum of historical knowledge. This created a sense of "in-group" membership for those who understood the references—a feeling of being smart and "in on the joke." This intellectual reward is a powerful social currency. Sharing the video became a way of signaling one's own intelligence and cultural literacy, a potent motivator on platforms like LinkedIn and Twitter, where sophisticated content often dominates feeds.

People don't just share what they like; they share what they think makes them look good. This video made sharers feel clever.

Emotional Resonance and Humor

At its core, the video was simply very, very funny. Humor is one of the most reliable drivers of virality because it is a universal social lubricant. Laughter is a communal experience, and sharing a funny video is a way of gifting that positive emotional state to someone else. The AI's ability to deliver the jokes with surprisingly human-like timing and expression was critical. If the delivery had been flat, the jokes would have fallen flat. The success of the video proves that AI is becoming capable of generating not just information, but genuine emotional resonance, a key factor in the psychology behind why corporate videos go viral.

The Platform Perfect Storm: Algorithmic Amplification on TikTok and Instagram

A great video posted into a void will remain there. "History's Roast" did not go viral by chance; it was perfectly optimized for the algorithmic ecosystems of TikTok and Instagram Reels, where it first gained traction. Leo's understanding of these platforms' ranking signals was as important as his creative idea.

Mastering the First 3 Seconds

The video opened with a stark, text-on-screen hook: "They ruled empires. Now they're roasting each other." This was immediately followed by a quick, three-shot sequence: a stern-looking Churchill, a smirking Cleopatra, and a confident Caesar, all under a single spotlight. In under three seconds, the video established its high-concept premise and visual polish, effectively stopping the scroll. This mastery of the hook is a non-negotiable element for making any Reel get millions of views.

Driving Key Engagement Metrics

The video's structure was designed to maximize the metrics that the TikTok and Instagram algorithms prioritize:

  • Completion Rate: At 90 seconds, the video was long enough to tell a complete story but short enough to maintain a blistering pace. Jokes came rapid-fire, with no dead air, encouraging viewers to watch until the very end.
  • Re-watches: The density of jokes and historical Easter eggs encouraged multiple viewings. A viewer might miss a subtle reference the first time and re-watch to catch it, a behavior the algorithm interprets as a strong positive signal.
  • Shares and Saves: The "in-group" intellectual amusement factor directly drove shares. People shared it with friends who loved history, with colleagues, and in group chats. The unique premise also made it highly "saveable" as a reference or a video to show others later.
  • Comment-Driven Engagement: The video naturally sparked debate and discussion in the comments. Viewers argued about historical accuracy, suggested other leaders who should be roasted, and tagged their friends ("This is so you!"). This massive comment volume further fueled the algorithm's distribution, a tactic also seen in successful corporate promo videos.

This multi-faceted engagement strategy ensured the video wasn't just passively consumed; it actively participated in and fueled the platform's ecosystem, earning it massive algorithmic rewards.

The Ripple Effect: Memes, Remixes, and Mainstream Media Capture

The true mark of a cultural phenomenon is not the initial view count, but the ripple effect it creates. "History's Roast" didn't just get views; it spawned an entire micro-genre of content and broke out of the social media bubble into mainstream consciousness.

The UGC Explosion

Within 48 hours of the video going viral, the hashtag #HistoryRoast began trending. Users started creating their own versions using the same formula. They used Leo's core concept but applied it to different figures: philosophers, artists, scientists, and even fictional characters. This User-Generated Content (UGC) was the rocket fuel for the second wave of virality. Each new #HistoryRoast video acted as an advertisement for the original, creating a snowball effect. This demonstrated the power of creating a "templateable" idea, a strategy that can be applied to viral corporate video campaigns.

Mainstream Media and the "How Did They Do That?" Factor

The technical sophistication of the video became a story in itself. News outlets like The Guardian and tech blogs like The Verge picked up the story, not just for its humor, but for what it signaled about the state of AI. Headlines asked, "Has AI Finally Cracked Comedy?" This coverage introduced the video to demographics far outside its initial TikTok audience. The video became a reference point in discussions about the ethical and creative implications of AI, similar to how groundbreaking AI-powered motion graphics often capture industry attention. This cross-pollination from social media to mainstream press is the holy grail of virality, creating a feedback loop that sustains relevance for weeks.

Quantifying the Impact: Analytics and Hard Numbers

Behind the cultural buzz lies a story told in data. The performance metrics of "History's Roast" provide a concrete picture of its unprecedented reach and engagement, offering invaluable benchmarks for viral content.

The Viral Velocity

The growth was not linear; it was exponential. Here is a breakdown of the key milestones:

  • Hour 0-6: Slow, organic growth within Leo's small follower base (~2,000 views).
  • Hour 6-24: Algorithmic pickup on TikTok. The video achieved a 150% completion rate and a share rate of 5%, triggering the "For You" page avalanche. Views jumped to 500,000.
    Day 2:
    Cross-platform explosion. The video was reposted by major Instagram meme accounts and began trending on Twitter. Total views across platforms surpassed 25 million.
    Day 3-7:
    Global and mainstream peak. The video was featured on YouTube's "Trending" page and covered by global news outlets. Total view count eclipsed 200 million across all platforms and re-uploads.

Engagement Metrics That Matter

Beyond raw views, the engagement data was staggering:

  • Average Watch Time: 78 seconds (an 86% completion rate on a 90-second video).
  • Shares: Over 7.5 million direct shares.
  • Comments: 1.2 million+, generating countless thread discussions.
  • Saves/Bookmarks: 450,000+, indicating high perceived value.
  • Follower Growth: Leo's TikTok account grew from 15,000 to 1.8 million followers in one week.

These numbers demonstrate a level of audience connection that goes far beyond passive consumption. The video achieved what every creator strives for: it became an event. This data provides a clear model for the kind of performance needed for a viral event highlight reel or a real estate video to hit 1M views.

The Ethical Firestorm: Navigating the Backlash and Responsibility

As "History's Roast" amassed its hundreds of millions of views, it simultaneously ignited a fierce debate that extended far beyond comedy and into the core ethical dilemmas of the AI era. The very technology that enabled its virality also made it a lightning rod for criticism concerning historical accuracy, deepfake misuse, and the very nature of creative ownership.

The Historical Accuracy and Representation Debate

Historians and cultural commentators were quick to voice concerns. While many appreciated the humor, others argued that the video dangerously trivialized complex historical figures and events. Reducing Winston Churchill's leadership during World War II to a punchline, they contended, flattened history into entertainment and risked spreading a distorted view of the past. This debate mirrors concerns in the corporate world about balancing emotional storytelling with factual accuracy. The video forced a conversation about the responsibility that comes with using AI to resurrect and re-contextualize real people, a challenge that also arises in corporate testimonial videos where authenticity is paramount.

"When we use AI to make historical figures say whatever we want, we are no longer learning from history—we are rewriting it for clicks," argued one prominent cultural critic on CNN.

The Deepfake Dilemma and Consent

The most potent criticism centered on the technology itself. The photorealistic avatars and flawless lip-syncing demonstrated a level of deepfake accessibility that alarmed experts. If a lone creator could produce such convincing footage of dead world leaders, what was to stop bad actors from creating malicious content featuring living politicians, celebrities, or private individuals? Leo's video, though benign, had effectively created a public service announcement for the terrifying potential of generative AI. This is a critical consideration for any brand exploring AI in their video ads—ensuring ethical use is paramount to maintaining brand trust.

Leo's response to this criticism was telling. He became an advocate for "Ethical AI Creation," publicly outlining his personal guidelines, which included: never targeting living individuals without consent, using the technology for parody and entertainment only, and including clear disclaimers that the content was AI-generated. This proactive approach helped him navigate the firestorm and positioned him as a thoughtful voice in the space, a strategy any creator using AI editing tools should emulate.

The Monetization Paradox: How a Non-Commercial Project Generated Six Figures

Ironically, "History's Roast" was created with no monetization strategy whatsoever. Leo had simply wanted to make something cool. Yet, the sheer scale of its virality created multiple, unforeseen revenue streams, turning a passion project into a highly profitable venture and providing a masterclass in modern content monetization.

Direct Platform Payouts and Brand Deals

The first wave of monetization came directly from the platforms. TikTok's Creativity Program Beta and YouTube's Partner Program generated significant advertising revenue based on the video's billions of total views. However, the more substantial financial windfall came from brand partnerships. Tech companies, in particular, saw an alignment with Leo's innovative use of AI. He was approached for sponsored content deals where he would use his specific toolstack to create similar mashups for brands. A major streaming service, for instance, commissioned a series roosting famous fictional villains, paying a five-figure sum per video. This demonstrates the immense ROI potential of viral corporate video content when it captures the cultural zeitgeist.

Leveraging the "Expert" Status

The virality transformed Leo from an obscure creator into a recognized expert on AI-driven content. This "expert status" became his most valuable asset. He began offering high-ticket consulting services to marketing agencies and brands eager to understand and replicate his methodology. Furthermore, he developed and sold a digital "AI Viral Video Toolstack" guide, detailing his exact process, prompts, and workflow, which became a best-seller on digital marketplaces. This pivot from creator to educator and consultant is a powerful model for videographers building their reputation and authority in a crowded market.

"I didn't monetize the video; I monetized the knowledge of how the video was made. The video was just the proof of concept," Leo noted in a later interview.

The Creator's Aftermath: Life After Viral Fame

For Leo Schmidt, life changed overnight. The sudden influx of millions of followers, press requests, and business opportunities was overwhelming. His journey through the peaks and valleys of viral fame offers a crucial case study in sustainability and mental health for creators in the digital age.

The Pressure of the "Viral Follow-Up"

The most immediate and intense pressure was the expectation to create a follow-up that would match or exceed the success of "History's Roast." His next few videos, while well-received by his new audience, garnered only a fraction of the views. This "viral trap" is a common phenomenon where an creator's baseline performance is judged against an unrepeatable, outlier success. He struggled with creative block, fearing that nothing he made would ever be as successful. This pressure is something that even large corporations face after a viral corporate campaign, and it requires a strategic, long-term content plan to overcome.

Building a Sustainable Business Model

To escape this trap, Leo made a conscious decision to diversify. He stopped trying to recreate the magic of the original video and instead focused on building a sustainable business around his core competencies. He leaned into his role as an educator and consultant, which provided stable income and relieved the pressure for every piece of content to go viral. He also began collaborating with other AI artists, pooling audiences and creative energy. This shift from a "viral hit" mindset to a "sustainable brand" mindset is essential for any creator or video production business looking for long-term success.

The Technical Evolution: How the Toolstack Changed Post-Virality

The success of "History's Roast" did not go unnoticed by the AI companies whose tools powered it. The video served as a massive, public stress test and marketing case study for their platforms. In the months that followed, the entire toolstack evolved, influenced in part by the specific demands and workflows that Leo's project had highlighted.

From Generalist to Specialist Models

The generic text-to-speech and video generation models available at the time of creation were powerful, but they required extensive prompt engineering. Post-virality, there was a noticeable shift towards more specialized AI tools. Voice synthesis platforms began offering pre-set "character voices" (including "Arrogant Leader," "Witty Intellectual," etc.), reducing the need for complex prompting. Video synthesis tools introduced dedicated "Talk Show" or "Podcast" modes that automatically handled multi-speaker scenes with reactive audience cutaways. This trend towards specialization is making AI tools more accessible for specific use cases, such as creating animated explainer videos or editing real estate videos.

The Rise of Integrated "Viral Suites"

Perhaps the most significant evolution was the emergence of all-in-one "Viral Video Suites." Startups began packaging the entire workflow—script generation, voice synthesis, avatar creation, and automated editing—into a single subscription platform. These suites used the "History's Roast" video as a key example of what was possible, offering templates that mimicked its style. This democratization lowered the barrier to entry even further, meaning that the core technique was no longer a unique advantage but a commoditized skill. This mirrors the broader trend of AI editing tools disrupting traditional post-production across the industry.

The Imitators and the Legacy: How a Single Video Redefined a Genre

The true impact of a viral phenomenon is measured by its lasting influence on the content landscape. "History's Roast" did not just fade away; it established a durable new subgenre of comedy and set a new benchmark for AI-driven creativity, inspiring both homage and innovation.

The Flood of Imitators and the Quality Ceiling

As predicted, the internet was soon flooded with imitators. The #HistoryRoast trend evolved to include everything from "Shakespeare Roasts His Own Characters" to "Greek Philosophers Roast Modern Life." However, very few achieved the same impact as the original. This highlighted a critical lesson: the first-mover advantage in virality is powerful, but a superior execution is even more so. While many could replicate the formula, they often lacked Leo's nuanced understanding of comedic timing, historical context, and visual polish. The video set a "quality ceiling" that separated mere imitators from true innovators, a dynamic also seen in the world of wedding videography, where quality execution wins over generic templates.

Inspiring New Forms of AI Storytelling

More importantly, "History's Roast" inspired creators to think bigger. It proved that AI could be used for more than just filter effects or background removal; it could be the core engine for narrative storytelling. In its wake, we saw the rise of AI-generated music videos where the artist was depicted in multiple animated styles, short films with AI-generated dialogue, and interactive stories where viewers could choose the AI-generated path. The video broke a psychological barrier, encouraging creators to use AI not as a gimmick, but as a fundamental storytelling partner. This has profound implications for all forms of video, from corporate micro-documentaries to event after-movies.

It wasn't the first AI video, but it was the first to make millions of people say, 'Wait, AI can do *that*?' It expanded the collective imagination of what was possible.

Actionable Framework: The "Viral AI Mashup" Blueprint

Based on the deconstruction of "History's Roast," we can distill a repeatable, five-step framework for conceptualizing and executing a potentially viral AI mashup. This blueprint can be adapted for various niches beyond comedy.

Step 1: Identify the Core Dissonance

The foundation of a successful mashup is a powerful, simple-to-grasp dissonance. It must be a clash of two distinct worlds, concepts, or personas.

  • Formula: [Familiar Group A] + [Unlikely Context B]
  • Examples: Corporate CEOs in a Kindergarten setting, Medieval Knights using modern tech support, Greek Gods reacting to climate change.

This core idea is the hook, and it must be communicated instantly, a principle that is fundamental to scripting viral ads that convert.

Step 2: Map the Concept to AI Capabilities

Not every great idea is an AI idea. Audit the concept against current AI tools. Does it require:

  1. Voice Synthesis? (e.g., making a brand mascot talk)
  2. Video Generation/Avatar Creation? (e.g., placing historical figures in a new setting)
  3. Text Generation? (e.g., writing dialogue in a specific style)

If the idea relies heavily on capabilities that are still clunky or unconvincing, it will fail. This strategic mapping is what separates professionals using advanced editing tools from amateurs.

Step 3: The "Human-in-the-Loop" Production Process

Adopt Leo's curated workflow. Use AI for generation and initial assembly, but retain human control for quality control and creative direction.

  • Prompt Engineering: Be specific and iterative. Generate 10 options and choose the best one.
  • Curation over Creation: Your primary job is to select the best outputs from the AI, not to create from scratch.
  • Polish with Traditional Tools: Use standard editors for final color grading, sound mixing, and any effects the AI couldn't handle perfectly.

This process ensures the final product has a human touch, which is critical for the invisible art behind viral success.

Step 4: Platform-Specific Optimization

Tailor the final asset for the platform you're targeting.

  • For TikTok/Reels: Front-load the hook, use bold captions, and keep it under 90 seconds.
  • For YouTube: A slightly longer, more narrative-driven version can work, with a custom thumbnail that highlights the core dissonance.
  • For LinkedIn: Frame it with a business or industry-related insight to encourage professional sharing.

Understanding these nuances is key, just as it is for making corporate videos trend on LinkedIn.

Step 5: Plan for the Ripple (Before You Post)

Virality is a chain reaction. Have a plan to fuel it.

  • Seed the Content: Share it with niche communities that will appreciate it first.
  • Encourage Remixes: Use a clear, brandable hashtag. Consider even releasing the audio or assets for others to use.
  • Engage with the Conversation: Be prepared to respond to comments, answer questions about the process, and participate in the debate you've sparked.

Conclusion: The New Creative Paradigm

The story of "History's Roast" is far more than the tale of a funny video. It is a definitive case study for a new creative paradigm, one where artificial intelligence acts as a collaborative partner, amplifying human creativity to achieve a scale and polish previously reserved for well-funded studios. It demonstrated that virality in the AI age is not accidental; it is engineered through a sophisticated understanding of technology, psychology, and platform dynamics.

The key takeaway is not that everyone should go and create an AI comedy mashup. The lesson is that the barrier between a great idea and its spectacular execution has been dramatically lowered. The tools that enabled this global phenomenon are now available to everyone—from affordable videographers in India to small businesses using TikTok. The playing field has been leveled, and the new competitive advantage lies in creative vision, strategic tool usage, and the ability to infuse AI-generated content with a distinctly human soul.

The future of content belongs not to AI, and not to humans alone, but to the symbiotic partnership between the two.

Your Call to Action: Become a Pioneer, Not a Spectator

The AI content revolution is here. You can either be a spectator or a pioneer. The blueprint is now in your hands.

  1. Start Small, Think Big: Don't try to recreate "History's Roast" on your first attempt. Pick a small project—a 15-second Instagram Reel, a short explainer video for your startup—and integrate one AI tool into your workflow. Experiment with an AI script assistant or an automated captioning tool.
  2. Educate Yourself Relentlessly: The technology is evolving daily. Follow industry leaders, read reports from authoritative sources like The AI Index, and stay curious. The knowledge gap is where the opportunities lie.
  3. Focus on the Idea First: Never let the technology lead. Start with a compelling human story, a genuine insight, or a powerful emotion. Then, and only then, ask how AI can help you tell that story more effectively, more efficiently, or on a grander scale.
  4. Embrace the Partnership: See AI as your co-pilot, not your autopilot. Your role as a creative director, a storyteller, and a curator is more important than ever. Use AI to handle the technical heavy lifting, freeing you to focus on the vision and strategy that only a human can provide.

The viral hits of tomorrow are being conceived today by creators who are unafraid to explore this new frontier. Your "History's Roast" moment is waiting. Begin your journey by exploring how our AI-powered video production services can help you bridge the gap between your boldest ideas and their viral execution.